Features of Public Management and Administration Essays

Features of Public Management and Administration Essays Features of Public Management and Administration Essay Features of Public Management and Administration Essay What are the distinguishing features of public management? How different is public management from traditional public administration. The public sector has undergone a critical phase changing both its theoretical and practical underpinnings as a result of the advent of public management. There are debates from various scholars and social scientists to whether Traditional Public Administration has changed and whether there are differences between (TAP) and new public management (PM). Therefore It Is the purpose of this paper to examine the undergoing of public management In an endeavor to dullnesss It from Its predecessor (TAP). Public management also known as new public management is singled out for its great emphasis on decentralization of authority, downsizing of the public sector through prevarication of state enterprises, strict management of performance in a goal directed and result oriented manner, market-centric management, complex interdependence between politics and administration and adoption of private sector managerially to list but a few. A sharp cleavage exits when the tenets of (PM) are Juxtaposed with (TAP) principles such as bifurcation of politics and administration, overall division of labor, a defined hierarchy of authority, aroma set of rules and procedures and Job security with awarding of pension funds among others will be made lucid in the discussion that follows. Background information Public management is defined by Polloi (1993;32) as a vision, an Ideology or a bundle of particular management approaches and techniques borrowed from a private sector : Yet Rococo Martin cited In Hughes (2003;45) Is of the view that It is the craft perspective that caters for decision making, actions outcomes, political skills needed to perform effectively specific management roles This implies that its main features involve adoption of private sector managerial mechanisms such as entrepreneurship and affording managers enough responsibility to autonomously set goals in a bid to operate effectively and efficiently in an economic manner. Bonham and Horton (1996; 25) plausibly lamented that TAP on the other hand Is the process where by public officials, employed by state agents, Implement and execute governmental policies determined by political authorities Where efficient use of resource is of secondary importance. Hence a general view generated is that traditional public administrators jack autonomy in their work as they are politically controlled in a central manner. Underpinnings of public management Public management agitates for a radical restructuring of the core public sector to provide more operational flexibility at an agency level. This Insinuates that management authority is decentralized or hived-off to semi-autonomous service delivery units within this sector either through delegation or departmental Hughes (2003;23). In this case, managers are given budgetary responsibility and autonomy to set their goals that cater for full achievement of results. For example Ministries In Zanzibar formulate their budgets to achieve their desired goals. In vertically integrated monolithic bureaucracies to flatter and responsible ones. This includes the downsizing, delivering and rationalist of the public sector through sub- contracting government entities to the private bodies. Peters and Pierre (2007; 4) stipulate that The hierarchical nature of public organizations which accorded greater autonomy to the front line staff leading to greater efficiency. This was put into practice in New Zealand where the state owned enterprise act of 1986 and the State Actor Act of 1988 privatized the countrys post bank and Telecommunication Corporation which caused the fall in number of civil servants from 66000 to 34500 and some were delegated to public sector executive agents (ibid,51). This entails that public management is distinct in the sense that it ensures accountability, transparency and responsiveness since departments are brought closer to the public for inspection. Furthermore PM calls for public and private sector partnership in delivering goods and services in a manner that places the government in the role of an overseer. The private sector is involved in financing and operation of public project s through contracting that cultivates competition in the provision of goods and services. There is an argument that government is no longer an autonomous actor in implementing its polices but often depends on the private sector. Under this partnership employment is based on long and short term contracts signed individually by employees and appointment is based on expertise only Peter and Pierre (2007; 22). In South Africa the government privatized Telecoms its major communication company and Eskimo which provides electricity. O the nation. This resulted in contract based employment which did not go well with their trade unions (COASTS). Vaporization brought no Job security and old age pension funds enjoyed in the TAP. Hence the private public sector partnership opens a wide market, access to a variety of customer attuned goods and free market choice since competitions force goods and service providers to produce high quality goods in large quantities. Apart from that public management adopts and adheres to private sector styles of management. This includes a strict focus on profitability, result orientation and reference as a determination of salary increment. In this respect civil servants are thoroughly assessed alongside set targets. This might result in demotion of some employees as a result of poor performance. For example the President was quoted in the Herald of September on the 8th parliamentary session saying to engender accountability and ensure efficient service delivery to the public, heads of pratfalls and local authorities will be obliged to sign performance appraisals. In line with this Peters and Pierre (2007; 41) point that He government has adopted several efferent strategies including pay-for performance to allocate salary increments Result oriented performance appraisals. These are purely private mechanisms used to motivate workers to increase their productivity in order to channel profits and growth to public organizations. This is accompanied by output controls which restricts adherence to auto-machine and computerizing of documents to cut off the need for human resources that might siphon a lot of resources from the government. Moreover public management is hinged on the expertise or know-how, temperament of managers and interdependence of politics and management. This is adumbrated by Frederick and Finer (2007, 3) polices are implemented when they are formulated and politicians act entrepreneurs who are disposed to take risk and work hand in hand to achieve the goals of the government. PM views administration and politics as inseparable core variants that together I unity usher good governance. For instance the parliament of Zanzibar initiated a setting up of the Anti-Corruption Commission to monitor and eradicate corrupt tendencies with the public sector. This enables great discipline, parsimony in resource allocation, transparency and accountability. A comparison of TAP and PM Traditional Public Administration dissects politics from administration. This is illustrated in the Wilson politics administration dichotomy. Hughes (2003; 19) indicates that TAP stipulates that politicians craft policies whilst administrators implement them. However this perspective has been castigated for trailblazing expertise capacities of managers and PM provides an alternative of the amalgamation of the two and devolving of managerial authorities from higher level politicians to managers at agency levels to discretionary execute their own policies. As a result PM and TAP take divergent routes in management approach. Furthermore TAP is built on Marx Weepers bureaucratic theory which calls for hierarchical organization of authority. This means control over government agencies emanate from the superiors who are elected officials and channels of communication follow a top down authoritarian model and no room is given to other employees to air their views in regard to decisions made. Mayo (1992; 22) argues that this tall and closed form of organization deprives civil servants much needed self-actualization ND it is crippled by plasticization and distortion of information as it sails along a huge bureaucracy. PM differs from this type of organizational structure due to its strict inclination to downsizing of the public service and hiving-off authority. Foxed tall (1991 ;22) postulate that PM cooperates with its environment and management involves consultation with subordinates in order to gather much information necessary for attainment of set targets hence one is made to conclude that public management breaks the hierarchy or one would even argue to say it rather distorts it. In addition TAP separated administrative functions into different ministries with clearly stated areas of specialization. Thus Farm and Horton (1996; 23) indicate that specialization and division of labor is currently challenged by Ann.s introduction of general managers who cut across departments with general controlling authority. However one wonders whether this generalization of function is reasonably applicable in present circumstances with the rapid population growth and existence of government ministries that are separated according to functions and services handled. Nevertheless the distinction theoretically remains. TAP management is based on written documents, the file that is preserved for precedence. This entails that administrators adhered to the rules of the thumb and made incremental decisions based on past organizational records Fox e tall (1991). This approach is contradicted by PM that calls for rationalization of the public sector which forces managers to be intuitive and critical in arriving at a particular course of action. PM considers changes in the environment and strives for adoption of policies that accommodates changes fashion, taste and technology. As a result TAP thrives hard under this era of technology and files are now causing poor service Home Affairs where the recurrent reports on the disappearance of birth certificate records. PM is accommodative to information technology which has basically replaced the Hibernia way of keeping records Hughes 92003; 46). However digitization which is articulated by chief proponents of PM is s implantable in economically stable countries that can afford purchasing of the machineries for data storage. Apart from that TAP emphasizes Job security, old age pension funds and appointment based on seniority this means bosses are those with working experience rather than high level of education. This is however different with PM as appointment is based on competence, performance and level of education Farm and Horton (1996; 52). In PM managers are experts and this account for efficiency in management. However this notion is debatable since most politicians are not that much educated but still modify policies made by experts at a managerial level. This dilemma is responsible for patronage and nepotism rampant in both TAP and PM employees are recruited on political grounds and affiliations which causes poor performance due to expertise incapacity of such people, hence reflecting a similarity within these paradigms. Conclusively public management has a greater impact on the traditional public administration. It attempts to overturn orthodox approaches and import new ones from the private sector in a bid to come up with more effective and efficient paradigm. Hence these two approaches vary to a greater extent, PM tries to cover the pitfalls of TAP by devising new plans of action different from TAP, ND as a result PM seems favorable as compared to TAP in terms of goal attainment and resource management.

Virgil Quotations With English Translations

Virgil Quotations With English Translations Publius Vergilius Maro (October 15, 70 BCE - September 21, 19 BCE) was the leading poet of the Augustan era. His Aeneid glorified Rome and especially the ancestry of the first Roman emperor, Augustus (Octavian). The influence of Virgil (Vergil) on subsequent writers has been immense. He is responsible for sayings or the sentiments behind sayings that we still use, like Beware of Greeks bearing gifts, from Book II of the Aeneid. All Virgil quotations listed here include a reference to their original location, the Latin that Virgil wrote, and either an old, almost archaic translation from the public domain (mainly for the longer passages) or my own translation. [Lat., Experto credite.]Believe in the one who knows from experience. (Trust the expert.)- The Aeneid (XI.283)[Lat., Non ignara mali, miseris succurrere disco]Not being ignorant of bad things, I learn to help the wretched.- The Aeneid (I.630)[Lat., Superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est.]Every fortune is to be conquered by bearing (it).- The Aeneid (V. 710)[Lat., Quisque suos patimur manes.]We each allow our own ghosts. (We make our own destiny.)- The Aeneid (VI.743)[Lat., Disce, puer, virtutem ex me, verumque laborem; Fortunam ex aliis.]Boy, learn virtue from me, and true work; luck from others.- The Aeneid (XII, 435)[Lat., Saevit amor ferri et scelerata insania belli.]Love of iron (weapon) rages; also the criminal madness of war.- The Aeneid (VII.461)[Lat., Nescia mens hominum fati sortisque futurae,Et servare modum, rebus sublata secundis.]O heart of man,/ not knowing doom, nor of events to be!/ Nor, being lifted up, to keep thy bounds/ in prosperous days!- The Aeneid (X.501)[Lat., S tat sua cuique dies; breve et irreparabile tempusOmnibus est vitae; set famam extendere factisHoc virtutis opus.]To each his day is given. Beyond recall/ mans little time runs by: but to prolong/ lifes glory by great deeds is virtues power.- The Aeneid (X.467) [Lat., Aegrescitque medendo.]He grows increasingly ill with the remedy. (The medicine is making him sick.)- The Aeneid (XII.46)[Lat., O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori;]Oh! Beautiful boy, dont put too much faith on (your) complexion. (Perhaps, beauty fades.)- Eclogae (II.17) *The real version, Nunc scio, quid sit Amor, comes from Virgils Eclogues VIII.43. Not all misquotes are so easy to untangle.

Ideas of Calculus III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ideas of Calculus III - Essay Example Time as a vector value is used to study geometry of space curves and velocity of a moving object. Calculus III also teaches how to simplify the theories of derivative and integral to vector-valued equation (Ryan 15). Calculus also enables learners to model quantities like temperature on Earth surface, which changes from one point to another. Such quantities are expressed used tangent graphs which is a concept in calculus. The last part of Calculus III involves a 2-dimensional account of the Fundamental Theorem which is commonly called Greens Theorem. Greens Theorem is the mathematics behind potential energy and physical notions of work that is a major step towards understanding magnetic fields and electricity (Ryan 45). Calculus students ought to access computers in order to develop intuition and visualize on the concept they learn about the course. The computer lessons are part of the course work and they include programmed questions that students ought to solve by the help of the computer (Ryan 25). The main aim of Calculus III is to enable learners to develop critical reasoning skills and new problem solving techniques and prepare them for advanced study in physical science, mathematics and engineering (Ryan